The question of women’s leadership in Islam continues to be debated both inside and outside the Muslim world. Some see Islam as restrictive in this context, while others view it as liberating. To understand the truth, we need to go beyond the stereotypes and cultural practices. Instead, we should go for what the Qur’an, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), and early Muslim history actually show.
Islam’s message is simple, and it began by transforming the status of women. In a world where women had few rights, it gave them the right to own property, seek education, participate in trade, and express opinions freely. So, leadership, as history shows, was no exception.
Equality as a Foundational Principle
The Qur’an sets the tone for human equality clearly:
“Indeed, the most honored of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you.” (49:13)
This verse defines honor through character, not gender, race, or status. Leadership in Islam, therefore, is not determined by gender but by merit, wisdom, and integrity.
The Qur’an also praises both men and women as partners in building a moral society:
“The believing men and believing women are allies of one another. They enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong.” (9:71)
This partnership extends to all areas of life, including guidance, decision-making, and community leadership.
The Prophet’s Example: Consultation and Respect
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) consistently consulted women on major social and political matters. His wives, companions, and female followers were active participants in the early Muslim community.
For example, Umm Salama (RA) advised the Prophet during the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, which was a critical diplomatic moment in Islamic history. Her insight changed the course of the negotiation.
On the other hand, Aisha bint Abu Bakr (RA) was a scholar, jurist, and teacher who narrated over 2,000 hadiths. Prominent male companions sought her guidance on religious and political issues. Moreover, Shifa bint Abdullah was appointed by Caliph Umar (RA) to supervise the marketplace of Madinah, which was effectively a public leadership role.
These examples reflect that the Prophet’s leadership model was consultative and inclusive, not patriarchal.
The Quran’s Example: The Queen of Sheba
The Qur’an itself highlights a woman leader in a positive light—the Queen of Sheba also known as Bilqis. Her story, mentioned in Surah An-Naml (27:22–44), praises her intelligence, diplomacy, and ability to lead with wisdom.
The Queen Bilqis was neither ridiculed nor dismissed for her position. Instead, her fairness and open-mindedness were celebrated. The Qur’an describes how she made thoughtful decisions and embraced truth after reflection, not compulsion.
This narrative shows that Islam recognizes leadership as a matter of capability, not gender.
Women Leaders in Early Muslim History
After the Prophet’s time, history offers multiple examples of women who led, ruled, or influenced major decisions:
- Shajar al-Durr ruled Egypt and was recognized by both military and religious leaders for her leadership during a national crisis.
- Razia Sultana became the Sultan of Delhi, remembered for her intelligence and administrative skills.
- Fatimah al-Fihri founded the world’s first university, which was the University of al-Qarawiyyin in Fez, Morocco.
- Nusaybah bint Ka’ab (RA) defended the Prophet in battle, standing as a symbol of courage and leadership under pressure.
These women were not exceptions, but were continuations of a faith that values competence and service.
Misinterpretations Rooted in Culture, Not Religion
Much of the belief that Islam forbids women from leadership comes from cultural traditions, not Islamic teachings. In some societies, patriarchal customs overshadow religious principles. Scholars throughout history, however, have disagreed with such restrictions.
Renowned scholars like Imam al-Tabari and Ibn Hazm argued that women could hold leadership positions if qualified. Their reasoning stemmed from the Qur’an’s emphasis on justice and capability. Therefore, it is crucial to separate cultural norms from divine guidance, as Islam’s foundation rests on fairness and equality of opportunity for all believers.
The True Measure of Leadership in Islam
Leadership in Islam is a form of responsibility (Amanah), not superiority. The Prophet said:
“Each of you is a shepherd, and each of you is responsible for your flock.” (Sahih al-Bukhari)
This means leadership begins at home, in communities, and in governance. Women, like men, share this trust equally. True leadership is about service, humility, and accountability, qualities that transcend gender.
Restoring the Balance
Islam’s history and scripture both affirm that competence, not gender, determines leadership. The misconception that women cannot lead stems from cultural misinterpretation, not from divine law.
When we revisit the early days of Islam, we find women who taught scholars, advised rulers, and led communities with wisdom. Their stories remind us that Islam’s message was never exclusion, but was empowerment.
“Allah does not look at your appearance or wealth, but at your hearts and deeds.” — Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)
By returning to the spirit of justice and equality that defined early Islam, we rediscover a truth that leadership in Islam is open to all who are qualified, sincere, and committed to serving humanity.
